The intrinsic demand for healthcare services continues to rise in the United States, given population aging, the increasing prevalence of chronic disease, and the search for a higher quality of life. In addition to increasing demand, three other major factors make healthcare a dynamic industry with significant opportunity:
- Consumers, employers, and the government continue to see the financial burden of healthcare grow faster than their incomes or revenues—a long-standing gap unlikely to change soon. Furthermore, new challenges, such as the ongoing opioid crisis, continue to emerge. The result has been a continuing search for fresh solutions and reforms, which has kept—and will keep—the industry in a state of flux.
- Major tectonic shifts are occurring, not only in regulations but also in three other areas: technology (both medical science and technology and the onward march of big data, advanced analytics, machine learning, and digital), industry orientation (the move toward B2C and rapidly rising consumer expectations), and reallocation of risk across the value chain. These forces are fundamentally altering the structure of the industry and basis of competition.
- The available headroom for improvement in healthcare (by most estimates, over $500 billion within the $3 trillion US healthcare economy) provides significant opportunity for value creation.1
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Industry growth, major changes, and strong value-creation potential make healthcare an exciting industry. At the same time, cost concerns, uncertainty, and complexity make it an unnerving one. Substantial upside exists for players that can deliver value-creating solutions and thrive under uncertainty. Indeed, our recent research into industry profit pools indicates that, on average, the industry is delivering value-creating solutions and consequently showing attractive profit growth. Between 2012 and 2016, total over-all healthcare industry profit pools (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, or EBITDA) grew at a faster rate than the combined EBITDA of the top 1,000 US companies (Exhibit 1).
However, profit pool growth varied widely across the healthcare industry, and both it and the factors driving it (e.g., revenue growth and margins) will continue to be uneven for at least the next several years, as shown in Exhibits 2 and 3. This paper outlines the underlying drivers of historic—and potential future—profit pool shifts among industry stakeholders (health insurers, healthcare delivery systems, service vendors, and pharmaceuticals), as well as the impact technology-driven disruption could have on them.
Health insurers
Since the Affordable Care Act was enacted, a major shift in insurers’ profit pools has occurred. Between 2012 and 2016, enrollment in fully insured group plans decreased 16% as employers switched to self-insured arrangements,2 and the number of small employers3 offering health benefits dropped 24%;4 however, revenue from ancillary lines of business (e.g., dental, vision) grew by 25%.5 At the same time, enrollment in Medicare Advantage (MA) plans, with or without prescription drug benefits, rose 71%; enrollment in managed Medicaid plans increased 80%.6 Because of these forces—and the substantial losses many carriers have had to absorb in the individual market—the profit pool from commercial lines of business was less than half the size of the profit pool from government lines of business in 2016. (The two were roughly equal if the individual market losses are excluded.) The growth in profit pools from government lines of business reflects structural changes in these markets (e.g., Medicaid expansion) as well as continued recognition at the federal and state level of the potential of managed care to improve the performance and efficiency of these programs. Health insurers’ government lines of business are one of the four segments across the industry that experienced profit pool growth above 10% between 2012 and 2016.
An important change has also occurred within the government lines of business for health insurers. Medicaid profits have risen because of Medicaid expansion, the shift to managed Medicaid, and the increased value that has been unlocked through industry consolidation and capability building (e.g., care management for special needs individuals). MA profits also rose, but more slowly. The result: Medicaid and Medicare now contribute equally to government business profit pools. (In 2015, Medicaid overtook Medicare; their positions reversed again in 2016.) It is likely that both will be significant drivers of health insurer profit pools going forward.
Across all lines of business for health insurers, scale has become increasingly important. Our research shows that EBITDA margins rise significantly as scale increases, even though the decrease in per member per month G&A costs flattens at relatively modest size for payers. (As Exhibit 4 shows, the inflection point depends on the line of business.) Scale is especially important for specialized insurers (Exhibit 5). Among Medicaid carriers, for example, pretax margins are more than twice as high for those with more than 10 million covered lives than for those with between 2.5 and 5 million lives. In our experience, capability investments are driving value from continual improvements in total cost of care (e.g., through care management, utilization management, consumer engagement) and revenues (e.g., through improved product design, distribution, quality-based revenue such as Medicare Star ratings, and better capture of risk-adjustment revenue leakage). Scale enables the development of superior capabilities through greater aggregate capacity to invest and leveraging of the investment over a broader base of covered lives.
Scale also offers additional benefits such as broader data sets, ability to build skill-based capabilities in data, and advanced analytics. Scale-enabled operating efficiency is increasingly a less relevant differentiator.
Ongoing disruption to health insurer profit pools is likely because several forces are working to unbundle the commercial payer value proposition. Direct-to-employer business models that leverage technology to construct high-efficiency networks (e.g., advanced value analytics), combined with changes in provider market structure that make the creation of local networks easier, are one major factor. More than half of Americans live in metropolitan areas where the largest providers gained more market share than did the largest payers between 2012 and 2016.7 Over 125 million Americans now live in regions where the leading provider has a market share above 35%, and 79 health systems already hold direct-to-employer contracts (Exhibit 6). Digital models of consumer engagement delivered directly to employees are buttressing the trend toward direct-to-employer contracts.
In this environment, organized purchasing by active employers is becoming more feasible. Employers in several markets are already collaborating to pursue new models of care delivery for their workers. These forces will require commercial health insurers to continue to innovate and drive efficiency to maintain and grow their share of industry profit pools.
Delivery systems
The provider market continues to experience a significant move away from inpatient care and toward distributed settings of care. After comparing the mix of revenue across provider segments between 2012 and 2016, we estimate that the shift to distributed settings resulted in about $36 billion in foregone revenue growth for hospital-based inpatient care during 2016. In that same year, shifts in settings of care led to about $29 billion in additional revenue for hospital-based outpatient care and $7 billion for other more convenient sites of care (e.g., urgent care clinics, free-standing emergency departments, retail clinics).8 While much of the shift has remained within hospital systems so far, the return on invested capital (ROIC) is often much higher for the new settings (e.g., ROIC can be more than three times higher for ambulatory surgery centers than for hospital systems),9 which suggests that the switch to lower-cost, less-capital-intensive care delivery systems will not abate.
Scale is also becoming increasingly important for providers. Our research shows that 2016 margins were, on average, 17% higher at the top 40 US health systems than at other health systems—and 33% higher than at independent hospitals.10 Scale within local markets is also important. In 2016, facilities owned by health systems with a market share above 50% in a given metropolitan area had margins that were 30% higher than those of either facilities owned by health systems with less than 25% market share or independent hospitals with a similarly small market share (Exhibit 7). These realities are likely to put even more pressure on health systems to consolidate.
The strategic choices health systems make are becoming increasingly important because of the confluence of forces facing healthcare delivery, including the shift to distributed settings of care and rapidly rising consumer expectations. We evaluated the M&A activity of the top 50 US health systems to classify their strategies into four types:
- Growth in distributed settings of care
- Growth through payer/provider integration
- Growth in core hospital business
- No significant M&A activity
The providers pursuing growth in distributed settings of care were the only group of health systems that experienced both revenue growth and margin improvement between 2012 and 2015 (Exhibit 8). The groups of systems that focused on either payer/provider integration or core hospital business growth experienced revenue growth during that time, but it was accompanied by margin erosion.
The increased efficiency of non-inpatient settings and consumers’ mounting demand for convenience are powerful realities. Health systems need to carefully consider their capital and resource deployment as this structural shift continues.
Service vendors
As shown in Exhibit 2, two of the four segments within healthcare that experienced profit pool growth above 10% between 2012 and 2016 were service vendors. Annual EBITDA growth was 17% for companies that deliver clinical services (e.g., population health management, clinical information systems) and just above 10% for those offering financial services (e.g., revenue cycle management, payment integrity). The growth in these two segments—largely enabled by advanced analytics and digital transformation—has been so strong that the combined profit pool from all service vendors eclipsed the commercial health insurance profit pool in 2016 (if individual market losses are included). Although traditional service vendors, such as third-party administrators, group purchasing organizations, and brokers, still account for a significant portion of the total service-vendor profit pool, their EBITDA has been growing more slowly.
The growth in the profit pool for clinical and financial services reflects ongoing industry changes. For example, increasing use of care management and population health management models has strengthened the market for clinical services. A range of factors, including meaningful use incentives, advanced analytics, and greater complexity in benefit design, have made sophisticated financial capabilities (e.g., for payment integrity and revenue cycle management) increasingly important for both payers and providers. As a result, venture capital and private equity investments in healthcare technology service vendors have skyrocketed. The number of first-round venture capital investments in healthcare technology has increased by an average of 30% annually since 2009.11 In 2015 and 2016, venture capital activity in the healthcare industry largely focused on solutions that create value in one of three ways: by delivering productivity improvements, enabling improved care quality and outcomes, or supporting member-centric care (Exhibit 9). Strong EBITDA growth is projected for many of these solutions in the coming years.
Companies given first-round funding in recent years are more likely than their predecessors were to have received multiple rounds of funding from both financial investors and strategic buyers; as a result, they are more likely to have moved beyond the start-up phase and scale significantly. Of the healthcare technology companies that received their first round of venture capital funding between 2010 and 2012, 41% went on to receive additional rounds of funding and 31% were later acquired, often through strategic purchases by other healthcare technology companies. (The comparable numbers for the 2007–09 cohort of companies were 35% and 23%, respectively.) The high level of investment activity in healthcare technology in 2015 and 2016 suggests that this activity is likely to continue in the coming years.12
Pharmaceutical value chain
Growth has been strong in the pharmaceutical and biotech profit pool in recent years, driven largely by growth in specialty pharmaceuticals. Growth has also been strong in the profit pools for many other actors in the pharmaceutical value chain, including wholesalers and distributors, pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs), and retail pharmacies. Not all have benefited, though.
PBMs and retail pharmacies captured a greater share of total profits from the pharmaceutical value chain in 2016 than in 2012 (Exhibit 10). This increase came almost entirely at the expense of hospital systems’ share of profits from drugs; manufacturers were largely able to maintain their share. During this time, hospitals saw their margins from drug sales decline by almost 30%. Hospital spending on drugs grew by 7% to 11% per year, far outstripping growth in reimbursements from both commercial and government payers (estimated at 3.5% to 5% and 1% to 1.5%, respectively).13
Our research suggests that the manufacturers’ profit pool is likely to continue to grow. Meanwhile, downward pressure on generic prices could challenge future profits for wholesalers and retailers.14
The threat of technology-driven disruption of the pharmaceutical value chain is also becoming real. This threat made headlines with Amazon’s apparent intention to enter the market, as reflected in its hiring of pharmacy professionals in May 2017 and its acquisition of wholesale drug, medical device, and supply licenses in at least 12 states by October 2017.15 Retail pharmacies are already acutely aware of the potential of technology-driven disruption, as front-of-store pharmacy revenues have been virtually flat since 2012 due to the digital transformation of the retail industry. (The pharmacies have experienced revenue growth below 1% for general merchandise and 2% for over-the-counter medications; the comparable numbers in the overall US market are about 2% and 4%, respectively.16 ) Although the opportunities for Amazon or a similar technology entrant are significant, so are the challenges.
Several primary arguments underlie the belief that such a company could successfully disrupt the pharmaceutical value chain. First, the size and attractiveness of the market ($500 billion in revenues) could warrant aggressive investment. Indeed, pharmacy is the second-largest retail category in the United States and the only large category in which Amazon does not yet have a meaningful presence. Second, the economic spread across the value chain is large and could be ripe for potential disruption. Nearly $100 billion in gross margins are being retained by intermediaries across the pharmacy value chain. Finally, evidence exists that demand for direct purchasing of drugs online by consumers could be on the rise. Although growth in the penetration of mail-order pharmacies has waned in recent years, initial attempts to sell prescription drugs online (e.g., through start-ups like Pill Pack and Lemonaid Health) have started gaining traction.17
The challenges facing a potential technology entrant to the pharmaceutical value chain are meaningful. An online vendor would need to overcome operational and regulatory challenges. In addition, it would need to find and partner with willing stakeholders in other parts of the healthcare industry, including (but not limited to) payers and pharmaceutical companies. Nevertheless, if an online vendor is able to overcome these challenges to gain a foothold in the pharmacy market, the potential disruption to the pharmaceutical value chain and industry profit pools could be significant.
Capturing the opportunities
A company that wants to win in a healthcare market that is growing yet variable, uncertain, and prone to disruption must do the following:
- Innovate to create unambiguous value for the stakeholders who consume and pay for healthcare—consumers, employers, and governments.
- Understand the evolution of the industry’s profit pools at a granular level, including the underlying source of the company’s profit pool and its sustainability. Profit pools generated in certain ways—for example, by increasing productivity to lower costs, improving healthcare delivery and healthcare outcomes, or offering better consumer engagement—are likely to be sustainable over time, given the large scope for improvement and the value placed on those elements by stakeholders.
- Reinvent the business by aggressively reallocating capital and resources toward future business models, either through investments in technology (including medical science and technology, machine learning/artificial intelligence, advanced analytics, or digital), care delivery models (i.e., distributed sites of care), managed care models, or all three. Investment in the creation of new clinical pathways that improve care delivery and outcomes, new business models with significantly lower costs, and a reorientation from delivery-centric models to consumer-centric ones should receive priority over traditional approaches.
- Become active managers of your portfolio of assets. Divestitures, M&A, and partnerships will be important to align with the greatest sources of value creation.
- Build an agile organization, one that has both a robust, stable axis of core functions that deliver—efficiently, effectively, and repeatedly—in a manner fully compliant with all regulations, and a dynamic axis capable of rapid innovation and business model change. Leadership and talent capable of operating in this bifocal world will be essential.